Cognitive health encompasses a range of abilities, including memory, attention, reaction and problem-solving skills, which are vital for preventing falls. As we age, cognitive changes may become more noticeable, and for some, this can mean increased difficulty with once routine tasks and risk of falls.
Attention and awareness
Falls can often occur when an individual is distracted or unaware of their environment. Cognitive decline can impact attention span, making it harder to focus on multiple things at once—like walking while talking or navigating uneven ground and surfaces.
Reaction time
Cognitive processing speed typically slows with age, affecting reaction times. In situations where quick reactions are needed—such as stopping oneself from tripping or adjusting balance—slower reaction times can increase the likelihood of a fall.
Memory and spatial awareness
Memory loss or confusion can cause individuals to forget familiar walking routes or overlook potential environmental hazards. Reduced spatial awareness can lead to misjudging distances or stepping incorrectly.
Decision-making and problem solving
Cognitive decline can affect an individual’s ability to make quick and effective decisions, especially in unexpected situations. This may include navigating obstacles or deciding when to use assistive devices.
Assessing cognition is common when screening for falls risk and there are many different cognitive screening tools available.
How can you encourage older adults to maintain cognitive health and prevent falls?
Many simple and enjoyable activities around the home and community can help older adults stimulate the brain and improve mental fitness.
Be physically active
Regular physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain and stimulating new brain cell growth. There is promising evidence that exercise programs can reduce the risk of falls in individuals with cognitive impairment. Participation in aerobic exercise and progressive resistance exercise improves the performance of brain regions responsible for functions such as selective attention and conflict resolution. These types of exercise should be incorporated into existing balance and strength-focused falls prevention interventions.
Keep the brain active
Brain-stimulating activities, such as puzzles, reading, or learning new skills, can help keep the brain engaged and sharp. Even social activities that involve conversation and critical thinking, like playing cards or group discussions, offer cognitive benefits.
Family, friends and Carers can play an essential role in keeping a healthy mind by providing social support and encouraging older adults to stay connected with their community. Activities such as having dinner with family, joining a book club, attending community events and getting involved in social groups can provide older adults with social interaction and belonging.
Eat a balanced diet
Nutrition plays an important role in brain health. A diet rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals—such as those found in fruits, vegetables, and fish—can support cognitive function. Omega-3 fatty acids, in particular, are known for their brain-boosting properties.
Prioritise sleep
Quality sleep is important for cognitive function, allowing the brain to process information and store memories. Poor sleep can impair attention, memory, and decision-making, so establishing a regular sleep routine is key.
Manage medications
Some medications may cause side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, or reduce mental alertness. Regular medication reviews with a Pharmacist or GP can help ensure that prescriptions don’t increase the risk of falls in older adults.